![]() Combining forms can use high level programs to build still higher level ones in a style not possible in conventional languages.Īssociated with the functional style of programming is an algebra of programs whose variables range over programs and whose operations are combining forms. Functional programs deal with structured data, are often nonrepetitive and nonrecursive, are hierarchically constructed, do not name their arguments, and do not require the complex machinery of procedure declarations to become generally applicable. ![]() Inherent defects at the most basic level cause them to be both fat and weak: their primitive word-at-a-time style of programming inherited from their common ancestor-the von Neumann computer, their close coupling of semantics to state transitions, their division of programming into a world of expressions and a world of statements, their inability to effectively use powerful combining forms for building new programs from existing ones, and their lack of useful mathematical properties for reasoning about programs.Īn alternative functional style of programming is founded on the use of combining forms for creating programs. ![]() ![]() Conventional programming languages are growing ever more enormous, but not stronger.
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